NOT listed as a dietary risk factor for kidney stones?

• A. Low fiber
• B. High refined carbs
• C. High fat
• D. Low fat

Answer: (D)

Kidney stones form when urine becomes overly saturated with stone-forming substances, so diet can shift the urine composition in a way that promotes or reduces stone risk. Diets high in refined carbohydrates can raise urinary uric acid and calcium saturation, tipping toward stone formation. Low fiber can weaken the gut’s ability to bind and excrete oxalate and calcium, leading to greater absorption of stone-forming substances. High fat can increase oxalate absorption in the gut by binding calcium, also contributing to risk. Low fat, on the other hand, does not have a clear, established link as a driver of stone formation, so it isn’t listed as a dietary risk factor.